Mattel Case

#07 – Teaching Case Study Hazardous Toy Recalls at Mattel, Inc. Key words: Chinese manufacturing, outsourcing, product recalls, global supply chain risk Type of submission: teaching case study Hazardous Toy Recalls at Mattel, Inc. [? ] Abstract In 2006 and 2007 Mattel, Inc. was faced with massive recalls of Chinese-made toys due to potentially dangerous levels of lead in various toy model surface paints and small magnets in toys which could fall off and be swallowed.This case describes the events leading up to the recalls, the response by Mattel, the legal, health, reputation and financial implications of the recalls, and the impacts of the recalls on Mattel’s global supply chain. Readers are asked to assess the situation and to decide what should have been done differently, if anything. The case is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate business students analyzing various purchasing, risk, and supply chain design issues. The 2006/2007 Mattel Toy RecallsIn some resp ects, the period from March 2006 to October 2007 was a very troublesome time for Mattel and their Chinese toy suppliers. On a number of occasions during this period, Mattel recalled a total of about 14 million Chinese-made toys in the U. S. and Canada for the same two serious problems. Millions more were recalled in other foreign markets. These two problems were indeed significant; not only for Mattel, but for their distributors, retailers, Chinese suppliers and finally the families around the world buying their toys.Over 2 million of the recalled toys had either been sprayed with lead-tainted paint or contained potentially hazardous levels of lead within the materials, while the remaining toys contained small magnets which could come off and be swallowed. Table I summarizes these recalls. Table IMattel’s Chinese-Made Toy Recalls in the US and Canada, 2006 – 2007* |Date |Toy and Problem Description |No.Units Recalled | |03/30/2006 |American Girl jewelry containing high levels of lead | 180,000 | |11/21/2006 |Polly Pocket toys with small loose magnets | 2,400,000 | |08/02/2007 |Various Fisher Price toys with lead in surface paint | 1,000,000 | |08/14/2007 |Batman, One Piece, Barbie, Tanner, Doggie Day Care, and Polly Pocket toy | 9,350,000 | | |sets with small loose magnets | | |08/14/2007 |Sarge toy cars with lead in surface paint | 250,000 | |09/04/2007 |Geo Trax, Barbie, and Fisher-Price Bongo Band toys with lead in surface | 750,000 | | |paint | | |10/25/2007 |Fisher Price Go Diego Go toy with lead in surface paint | 40,000 | | Total | 13,970,000 | *Source – U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, www. cpsc. gov On March 30, 2006 approximately 180,000 of Mattel’s American Girl jewelry pieces in the U. S. were recalled because the Chinese-made jewelry contained high levels of lead. On November 21, 2006, following 170 reports of loose magnets on Polly PocketTM play sets, Mattel recalled over 2. 4 million Polly Pocket play sets in the U. S. and Canada and another 2 million worldwide.In at least three of the cases, children who had swallowed magnets suffered serious intestinal perforations requiring surgery and hospitalization. Then nine months later on August 2, 2007, Mattel recalled almost 1 million Fisher-Price toys for using paint exceeding the lead content limit set by the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Two weeks later, the CPSC announced five separate recalls of hundreds of thousands of Mattel die cast toy cars for potentially hazardous levels of lead paint and over 9 million play sets in the U. S. and Canada, following hundreds of reports of small magnets falling out of the toys. In early September, Mattel announced another major recall—over 700,000 units of 11 different toy models for having paint containing excess lead.Finally, on October 25, 2007, another recall was announced by the CPSC for yet more Chinese-manufactured toys containing paint with lead. In late August 2007, Mattel announced that some of the lead-tainted toys had been painted by a third-party subcontractor working for one of Mattel’s primary Asian toy suppliers, Hong Kong-based Early Light Industrial Co. , a toy maker for many of the world’s biggest toy companies. Hong Li Da, the Chinese subcontractor used by Early Light, was supposed to use Mattel-approved paint, however it instead used less costly paint from an unapproved supplier. Today, Mattel continues to use the Early Light Co. , a trusted supplier of theirs for more than 15 years.Another Chinese subcontractor, Lee Der Industrial Co. , also used an unauthorized paint supplier when making many of the toys included in the August 2 recall. [? ] Mattel typically performs monthly audits of manufacturers’ toys, which sometimes includes testing random units and other times involves reviewing manufacturers’ testing records. Mr. Jim Walter, Mattel’s senior vice president of worldwide quality assurance exp lained, â€Å"They didn’t perform the testing they should have, and the audit we performed didn’t catch it. †[? ] Mattel’s Response In late August 2007, Mattel CEO Robert Eckert filmed a video apology to parents which was placed on the company’s website and on Yahoo’s website. I can’t change what has happened in the past, but I can change how we work in the future,† he said, adding that he had four children of his own. Mattel also pledged to increase the frequency of its paint inspections, testing every batch delivered to every supplier. The firm also purchased full-page ads in the New York Times and Wall Street Journal. [? ] Following the third quarter 2007 recalls, Mattel slowed down the shipments coming out of Asia to conduct product testing and safety reviews. Similarly, Mattel’s shipments to global markets were curtailed while various regulatory authorities reviewed Mattel’s safety procedures. Ultimately, Matt el was able to prevent more than two-thirds of the recalled toys from reaching consumers by contacting distribution centers and retailers. [? Most of the export/import issues were resolved by the end of 2007. Today, Mattel’s first-tier suppliers must conduct quality tests on all incoming materials as well as finished toys made by subcontractors. Also as a result of the recalls, Mattel created a Corporate Responsibility organization, which has accountability internally and externally for adherence to company safety and compliance procedures. [? ] On September 5, 2007, Mattel representatives told an American congressional committee that the problem with toys containing unsafe magnets was the result of a flawed toy design, and not due to poor adherence to manufacturing requirements in China.According to Chairman and CEO Robert Ekert, more than 50,000 hours had been spent investigating the issues surrounding the toy recalls. â€Å"We apologise again to everyone affected and prom ise that we will continue to focus on ensuring the safety and quality of our toys,† he said. [? ] Finally, on September 21 in a meeting in Beijing with Mr. Li Changjiang, the chief Chinese quality official along with a group of reporters, Mr. Thomas Debrowski, a senior Mattel executive, offered an apology to the Chinese people—â€Å"Mattel takes full responsibility for these recalls and apologizes personally to you, the Chinese people, and all of our customers who received the toys†. [? Li also told reporters that the Chinese government shut down operations and revoked the business license of Lee Der Industrial, one of the subcontractors producing the defective Mattel toys (a co-owner of Lee Der Industrial committed suicide shortly after the August recall announcement). [? ] With regard to the unsafe magnet problem, Mattel made several manufacturing changes to better retain magnets in their toys, including longer cure times for adhesives, the use of additional ad hesive, and the use of injection molding to better encapsulate magnets inside toys. The Chinese Manufacturing and Regulatory Environments Companies operating in China are subjected to very few regulations, and have little legal recourse.Foreign firms operating in China try to cover themselves by securing guarantees from their Chinese suppliers that they will follow specific procedures, but they are almost impossible to enforce. In September 2007 Mr. Yan Jiangying of the Chinese State Food and Drug Association admitted that â€Å"†¦supervisory foundations are still very weak†. The oversight of food safety for instance, is split between five ministries resulting in unclear responsibilities. There also tends to be no history of regulatory compliance for Chinese businesses, causing many safety and quality shortcuts to be taken when suppliers are pressured by their customers to reduce prices. With regards to lead paint use, China has laws banning lead paint from consumer prod ucts, but lax regulatory enforcement means these laws are routinely ignored.In a test conducted by the University of Cincinnati from 2004-2007 for example, 38 paint samples from China representing 11 brands were tested and more than 25 percent were found to contain lead levels exceeding the U. S. safe limit of 0. 06 percent. McDonald’s, one of the world’s largest toy buyers, says the problem of lead paint in China is so widespread that their company must monitor paint quality all the way back to the original paint suppliers. Their toy makers must agree to use only McDonald’s approved paint. [? ] Ironically, Chinese cultural norms are often at odds with the way companies are managed, as described earlier with regards to the suicide of Lee Der Industrial’s co-owner.For a number of years, Mattel has used the International Center for Corporate Accountability (ICCA), a non-profit research organization, to conduct audits of its company-managed and third-party C hinese manufacturers to insure compliance with Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP). Mattel’s GMP is shown in Table II. Chinese plant managers are required to complete compliance reports prior to actual field audits. Audits consist of the firm’s accounting practices, confidential one-on-one interviews with employees, an examination of the plant’s policies, procedures and practices with regard to environment, health and safety issues, and inspections of the general maintenance of the manufacturing facilities, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste materials, hygiene issues, and dormitories and recreational facilities.The ICCA provides the audit reports to Mattel, whereby corrective actions are determined in response to the findings. [? ] Mattel’s Ethical and Legal Considerations The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) can exclude from the U. S. market, products failing to comply with applicable regulations or that otherwi se create a substantial risk of injury, including articles containing excessive amounts of hazardous substances. The CPSC may also require the recall, repurchase, replacement, or repair of articles. [? ] Additionally, U. S. Customs & Border Protection (CBP) ensures that goods entering the U. S. are safe for consumers. The CBP has authority detain and exclude any products based on instructions from the CPSC.On August 20, 2007, a class-action lawsuit was filed in Los Angeles County Superior Court against Mattel with regards to the toys with excessive lead paint. This lawsuit sought to have Mattel establish a fund so that parents could be reimbursed for testing their children for lead poisoning (the cost to test for lead poisoning is about $50 per person). A second class-action lawsuit was filed against Mattel on September 27, 2007 in California seeking damages for injuries suffered from swallowing magnets improperly attached to Mattel toy sets. On September 4, 2007, the CPSC began inv estigating whether Mattel knowingly withheld information regarding any safety risks posed by the millions of toys recalled in August.Mattel could be substantially fined if they are found in violation of the Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972, which stipulates that companies must inform the CPSC within 24 hours when they obtain product defect information which could create a health hazard. [? ] The Chinese Toy Industry Today By the end of 2007, the Chinese toy industry was struggling. In Foshan, a major Chinese toy manufacturing hub in Guangdong province, some companies were tightening standards and increasing testing to reassure Western buyers. Others were closing down or looking for less regulated markets. â€Å"It’s very difficult to do business now,† says Ms. Deng Xiling, sales manager at a factory making plastic components for toys.Her company closed its painted-toy division following the Mattel toy recalls and laid-off almost one-third of its workforce, because t hey couldn’t afford the types of product testing Western buyers started requiring. Table IIMattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles[? ] Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) apply to all parties that manufacture, assemble, license or distribute any product or package bearing any of the Mattel logos. GMP provides guidance and minimum standards for all manufacturing plants, assembly operations and distribution centers that manufacture or distribute Mattel products. GMP requires safe and fair treatment of employees and that facilities protect the environment while respecting the cultural, ethnic and philosophical differences of the countries where Mattel operates.GMP also requires internal and periodic independent monitoring of our performance and our partners performance to the standards. Mattel is committed to executing GMP in all areas of its business and will only engage business partners who share our commitment to GMP. Mattel expects all its business partners to adhere to GMP, and will assist them in meeting GMP requirements. However, Mattel is prepared to end partnerships with those who do not comply. Mattel and its partners will operate their facilities in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Mattel has defined the following overarching principles to which all facilities and partners are required to comply.These principles are dynamic and evolving to continually improve our efforts to ensure on-going protection of employees and the environment. In addition, Mattel has developed a comprehensive and detailed set of underlying procedures and standards that enable us to apply and administer our GMP in the countries where we operate. The procedures and standards are updated and refined on an ongoing basis. 1. Management Systems — Facilities must have systems in place to address labor, social, environmental, health and safety issues. 2. Wages and Working Hours — Employees must be paid for all hours worked. Wages for regular and overtime work must be compensated at the legally mandated rates. Wages must be paid in legal tender and at least monthly.Working hours must be in compliance with country and Mattel requirements. Regular and overtime working hours must be documented, verifiable and accurately reflect all hours worked by employees. Overtime work must be voluntary. Employees must be provided with rest days in compliance with country and Mattel Requirements. Payroll deductions must comply with applicable country and Mattel requirements. 3. Age Requirements — All employees must meet the minimum age for employment as specified by country and Mattel requirements. 4. Forced Labor – Employees must be employed of their own free will. Forced or prison labor must not be used to manufacture, assemble or distribute any Mattel products. 5.Discrimination – The facility must have policies on hiring, promotion, employee rights and disciplinary practices that address discrim ination. 6. Freedom of Expression and Association — The facility must recognize all employees’ rights to choose to engage in, or refrain from, lawful union activity and lawful collective bargaining through representatives selected according to applicable law. Management must create formal channels to encourage communications among all levels of management and employees on issues that impact their working and living conditions. 7. Living Conditions — Dormitories must be separated from production and warehouse buildings.Dormitories and canteens must be safe, sanitary and meet the basic needs of employees. 8. Workplace Safety — The facility must have programs in place to address health and safety issues that exist in the workplace. 9. Health — First aid and medical treatment must be available to all employees. Monitoring programs must be in place to ensure employees are not exposed to harmful working conditions. 10. Emergency Planning — The fac ility must have programs and systems in place for dealing with emergencies such as fires, spills and natural disasters. Emergency exit doors must be kept unlocked at all times when the building is occupied. Emergency exits must be clearly marked and free of obstructions. 11.Environmental Protection — Facilities must have environmental programs in place to minimize their impact on the environment. Discussion Questions 1. Was Mattel’s response to the toy recalls appropriate? Why or why not? How could the company have responded differently? 2. What should Mattel’s responsibility be to their Chinese supplier-partners? 3. Read Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) shown in Table II. Should anything else be added to their GMP? 4. What are the ethical, legal and reputation issues that need to be addressed by Mattel? Was Mattel acting correctly to publicly apologize and take responsibility for the design errors and lack of oversight? 1] This case was pre pared solely to provide material for student discussion and does not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The author may have disguised certain names and other information to protect confidentiality. [i] Zamiska, N. and N. Casey, â€Å"Toy Makers Face Dilemma Over Supplier,† Wall Street Journal, August 17, 2007, p. A10. [ii] Spencer, J. and N. Casey, â€Å"Toy Recall Shows Challenge China Poses to Partners,† Wall Street Journal, August 3, 2007, p. A1. [iii] Casey, N. and N. Zamiska, â€Å"Mattel Does Damage Control After New Recall,† Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2007, p. B1. [iv] Schuman, J. , â€Å"The Morning Brief: Lead Paint + Elmo = Bad News for China,† Wall Street Journal Online, August 3, 2007. [v] 2007 Mattel, Inc. Annual Report. [vi] Steverman, B. â€Å"Mattel: More Tribulations in Toyland,† Business Week Online, September 6, 2007, p. 12. [vii] â€Å"Business: Plenty of Blame to Go Ar ound; Chinese Manufacturing,† The Economist, V. 382, No. 8548, 2007, pp. 78. [viii] Lindner, M. , â€Å"Mattel Takes Its Lumps for toxic Toys,† Forbes. com, September 21, 2007. [ix] Spencer, J. and N. Casey. [x] 2007 Mattel, Inc. website www. mattel. com/about us/corporate responsibility. [xi] 2007 Mattel, Inc. Annual Report. [xii] Luk, S. and E. Wong, â€Å"Risks Faced by China-based Toy Manufacturers,† China Law & Practice, November 2007, p. 1. [xiii] 2007 Mattel, Inc. website www. mattel. com/about us/corporate responsibility.

George VI Essay

A conscientious and dedicated man, he worked hard to adapt to the role into which he was suddenly thrown. Reserved by nature, and of deep religious belief, he was helped in his work by his wife. He had married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923. King George VI paid State Visits to France in 1938, and to Canada and the United States in 1939 (he was the first British monarch to enter the United States). His greatest achievements came during the Second World War, when he remained for most of the time at Buckingham Palace (the Palace was bombed nine times during the war). He and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, visited severely bombed areas in the East End of London and elsewhere in the country, gained him great popularity. The King developed a close working relationship with his wartime Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, as most of Europe fell to Nazi Germany. Recognising the total nature of modern warfare, in 1940 the King instituted the George Cross and George Medal, to be awarded for acts of bravery by citizens. In 1942, the George Cross was awarded to the island and people of Malta in recognition of the heroism with which they had resisted the enemy siege. Having served in the Navy during the First World War, including the Battle of Jutland, the King was anxious to visit his troops whenever possible. He went to France in 1939 to inspect the British Expeditionary Force, and to North Africa in 1943 after the victory of El Alamein. In June 1944, the King visited his Army on the Normandy beaches 10 days after D-Day, and later that year he visited troops in Italy and the Low Countries. On VE (Victory in Europe) Day, 8 May 1945, Buckingham Palace was a focal point of the celebrations. The war had immeasurably strengthened the link between the King and his people. In 1947, the King undertook a major tour of South Africa, accompanied by the Queen and their daughters, Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret – the first time a monarch had undertaken a tour with his family. When India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, George ceased to be Emperor of India. Changes in the Commonwealth meant that its tie was no longer based on common allegiance to the Crown, but upon recognition of the Sovereign as Head of the Commonwealth. These changes in the Commonwealth relationship and the social reforms of the post-war Labour government occurred against the background of Britain’s weak post-war economic position and the beginning of the Cold War, which meant that the privations of war were extended well into the post-war period. By 1948, it seemed that Britain had overcome the worst hardships of the post-war years, but the strain of the Second World War and the tensions of the post-war period had taken their toll on the King’s health. The King failed to recover from a lung operation, and died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 at Sandringham; he was aged 56. After lying in state at Westminster Hall, the King’s funeral was held at St George’s Chapel, Windsor, where he lies buried. At the King’s funeral, attached to the Government’s wreath was a card on which Churchill had written the phrase inscribed on the Victoria Cross – ‘For Valour’.

A Rant on Forced Marriage Essay

A relationship of marriage is decided by the elders, and then forced on their child. Is this right? Parents think they know better than the child, but are they always right? How can they choose ones groom or their bride, the one with whom they are going to spend their whole life? This practice of evil is unfortunately still alive in many communities in developing countries, and even some industrialized. I oppose, to this cruel idea of destroying ones life. In this view of mine, I don’t stand-alone but at my behind I have United Nations and their Human rights. Forced marriage is a violation of ones personal rights, it’s destruction their of life. How can parents force their children to marry one they don’t like? If you are being forced into this life, take a breath and stand for your rights. Which are there in the constitution, written boldly for your sake if you come under this situation. It’s better to oppose, than live a traumatic life. Illiteracy, poverty, culture and lack of awareness are the seed of this consequence. This issue is taken very seriously though in most of the countries, where governments and non-governmental organizations are constantly helping people getting out from this mess that their parent’s create. But the people who succeed in overcoming this condition often lose the contact with their parents. The ones, who don’t, live their life in misery and are depressed. Some people adapt and accept the piece of cake they get. It also results in somebody being responsible for his or her own death.

Rite of Passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rite of Passage - Essay Example Ceremonies are very important during rites of passage as they help in the preparing an individual on how to adjust to different changes in their life. Besides the rites of passage being marked by the four stages of human life, it also takes the form of professional progress in life. This is indicated by graduation ceremonies that mark the end of educational progress in order to get into the job market. During the rites of passage, marriage is one of human life stages that mark a remarkable change in human life. This is because it involves making a choice of getting into a family commitment. Many societies across the globe celebrate marriage ceremonies. One of the societies that adore marriage is the Hinduism. This is depicted by the harmonious ceremonies they perform. Hindu marriage is understood as a rite of passage in which separation from the previous stage is marked by transition. The ceremony is accompanied by rituals in which integration into new roles of the social world is ma rked symbolically by a ring. Hindu marriage Hindus believe that life is sacred thus every step of their life from childhood to adulthood is marked by traditional ceremonies. Their ceremonies performed during the rites of passage are called the samskara. This marks ending point of one stage of life to the other. ... Samskara ceremony is mostly performed in the church where the couples and the people attending the ceremony surround the Homa fire. In the occasion, the couples are allowed to make a lifetime vows. In addition, they also make seven steps before God in order to be consecrated as a holy union (Das 5). Turner's model of the ritual process Turner was an anthropologist who noted that virtually every society in the world uses ceremonies to mark the transition in social status of people. The rites of passage are meant to validate chances in the individual status. This helps in the transformation of events that ranges from birth, adolescence, parenthood and finally death. He discovered that rites of passage from different societies across the world share similar characteristics. He considers a rite of passage as an activity symbolizing the crossing from old threshold of life into a new social world. Van Gennep, on the other hand, observed the rite of passage as a change in the social positio n which increases with an individual’s age. He identifies that every rite of passage is marked by separation, transition and reintegration (Das 5). Separation is the phase that is identified by symbolic behaviors of people in the society. It indicates how people detach themselves from their earlier fixed state of social structure or cultural diversity. Liminality, on the other hand, is characterized by the ambiguity of the ritual subject in the society. Individuals pass through a culture that has no attribute to the past and the future generation. In addition, reaggregation is the rite of passage that is consummated. In this phase,

Developing management Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Developing management Skills - Essay Example Mentoring as a method of leadership is also addressed as well as the means to stimulate employee motivation to delegated task assignments. A strategic directive has been issued by senior leadership determining that streamlining departmental operations has become necessary not only for cost objectives, but for enhancing communications within the business facility. It has been determined that the operational manager must research methods in which to design a better materials management system. Realistically, strategic directives from senior executives mean nothing without efficient middle managers who are able to design the systems and carry out the plans (Moss Kanter 2004, p.150). In such a situation, the manager must design a rational decision making model to assess the situation, make programmed and non-programmed decisions regarding new systems implementation, develop alternative measures, and accomplish the goal using employee/management resources. Assume that through needs analysis, the manager has determined that the most logical course of action is to implement an ERP system (enterprise resource planning) designed to combine the entire firms electronic functions into a single software programme on the same database. Such a project is a tremendous undertaking and involves skilful coordination between multiple departments. Senior leadership has not yet agreed to the new ERP system, has offered concerns about potential budget constraints, and expects continuous progress reports from the operational manager in regards to proposed implementation. The responsible manager must address the specific characteristics of management decision making including uncertainty, risk, conflict, scope and crisis (Gomez-Mejia et al 2005, p.241) and be able to effectively communicate these issues in order to receive senior-level approval for the proposed project. As part of the upward feedback process, the manager must create a frame for his message that orients the

The Mozart Effect Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Mozart Effect Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The video also employed the talents of a researcher and annotator who did live recreations of versions of the tests, where subjects chosen at random in a public place were subjected to Mozart music and to music from Blur and then made to undergo the battery of cognitive tests that included solving puzzles, testing reaction times to falling rulers, and tests of memory, among others The findings in the public tests were in congruence with the findings in other studies that state that there is nothing in Mozart music that is special, even though Mozart music did indeed boost subject performance in cognitive tests. This is the conclusion because music by Blur also had the same effect. The baseline was silence. In both cases where subjects were first subjected to silence and then to either Mozart or Blur music, there were observed improvements in the performance of the subjects to the tests. The final caveat is that the performance boosts occurred after listening to the music, and that th e performance boosts were short-lived. The video in all is a good general overview of the nature of the Mozart effect tests and the kinds of challenges that have been made to it over the years (Applasamy, 2012). Bangerter, A. and Heath, C. 2004. The Mozart Effect: Tracking the evolution of a scientific legend. British Journal of Social Psychology (2004). [Online]. Available at: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/documents/BJSP,%20Mozart%20Effect.pdf [Accessed 26 November 2013] Demorest, S. and Morrison, S. 2000. Does Music Make You Smarter? Music Educators Journal 87 (2). Green, C.S and Bavelier, D. 2008. Exercising Your Brain: A Review of Human Brain Plasticity and Training-Induced Learning. Psychology and Aging 23 (4). [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896818/ [Accessed 26 November 2013] Husain, G., Thompson, W. and Schellenberg, E. 2002. Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood and Spatial Abilities. Music Perception 20 ( 2). [Online]. Available at: http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/ghusain/Publications_files/GH2002Mozart%20effect.pdf [Accessed 26 November 2013] Jausovec, N., Jausovec, K. and Gerlic, I. 2006. The influence of Mozart’s music on brain activity in the process of learning. Clinical Neuropsychology 117. Jenkins, J.S. 2001. The Mozart Effect. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94 (4). [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281386/ [Accessed 26 November 2013] Lubetzky, R. 2010. Effect of Music by Mozart on Energy Expenditure in Growing Preterm Infants. Pediatrics 125 (1). [Online]. Available at: http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/125/1/e24.full [Accessed 26 November 2013] Makielo, L. 2012. The Mozart Effect. The Epoch Times. [Online]. Available at: http://epoch-archive.com/a1/en/sg/nnn/2012/01%20January_2012/Issue%20395_17_January_2012/395_B4.pdf [Accessed 26 November 2013] Nantais, K.

Fashion Photography As A Career Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fashion Photography As A Career - Term Paper Example The paper "Fashion Photography As A Career" focuses on the career of Fashion Photographer. This document takes a deeper thought in understanding the virtues which are essential in fashion and design photography as a career. The three main virtues required in a fashion photography career are: patience, moral virtue and intellectual value. Generally, photography is aimed at delivering good materials which have creativity and attractive aspects. However, photographers ought to consider the moral values in their field of profession as photography is a method of passing information to a general public. In this case, fashion photographers ought to consider the drift between moral and immoral in their work. The essence of fashion photography is to capture the emerging trends of fashion and display them in a gallery for people to be enlightened by the growth in fashion and design in relation to technology changes. As technology advances, the mode of dressing changes and many communities in t he world tend to abolish the ancient cultures. Many fashion photographers have used this notion to explain the trends of art with some relating the emerging trends of fashion and design to the Stone Age way of dressing. Fashion has takes different dimensions as time travels and people tend to deviate from morality affiliating moral values to the ancient culture. In this case, patience, positive thinking and tolerance become essential virtues in fashion photography as a career. People often tend to rush in their career.